A long time ago, bison were plentiful across North America, forming massive herds characterized by their rust and auburn fur. Recent DNA research has uncovered insights into the historical journey and current status of bison populations.
The study, detailed in the Science journal, involved sequencing 160 bison genomes spanning 20,000 years. Led by paleogeneticist Jonas Oppenheimer and the Paleogenomics Lab at the University of California, Santa Cruz, the research engaged nearly 40 scientists, many of whom were Canadians specializing in ancient DNA analysis.
The aim of the research is to enhance modern conservation efforts by understanding the genetic intricacies of bison populations. The study revealed that today’s bison, once genetically similar across North America, now exhibit significant diversity based on their specific herds, a consequence of past near-extinction events caused by human activities.
By analyzing ancient and modern bison DNA, researchers mapped the evolution of the species’ genetic diversity. DNA samples were collected from managed herds in Canada and the United States, as well as wild herds in various locations. The study involved sequencing 115 ancient bison genomes and 45 modern ones, amalgamating the data to create a comprehensive genetic map.
The findings highlighted the importance of distinct herd management due to the unique genetic signatures present in different bison populations. Wood bison and plains bison were identified as two distinct subspecies that diverged around 3,000 years ago, adapting to different ecological niches. Efforts are underway to preserve the genetic integrity of these subspecies by preventing interbreeding and promoting genetic diversity within herds.
Collaborative initiatives like Bison Integrated Genomics aim to conserve bison through genetic preservation and the establishment of a bison genome biobank. These efforts provide a new approach for conservationists to facilitate genetic exchange among isolated herds, mitigating inbreeding risks and fostering herd diversity restoration. Utilizing ancient genomes as a baseline, herd managers can strategically reintroduce gene flow, aiding bison in transitioning from controlled habitats to natural landscapes, ensuring the preservation of their genetic diversity.